[CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION^*]

OPINION

HALLER, Acting P. J. —

Robert C. Orlosky appeals from a judgment convicting him of marijuana possession and cultivation. He argues the judgment must be reversed because the court refused his request to instruct the jury on the statutory collective cultivation defense, which permits qualified medical marijuana patients to join together to cultivate marijuana to meet their medical needs. The trial court rejected application of the collective cultivation defense on the basis that defendant and his roommate (who were growing marijuana together) had not formed a marijuana collective with some indicia of formality.

The Attorney General acknowledges that an instruction on the collective cultivation defense was likely warranted (although maintaining the particular instruction drafted by defense counsel did not accurately apply to the facts of this case). As we shall explain, although indicia of a formally organized collective may be a relevant evidentiary factor for a jury to evaluate, it is not a mandatory requirement that precludes application of the collective cultivation defense to informal joint cultivation arrangements between two qualified patients who grow marijuana exclusively for their own medical use. Accordingly, the court erred in refusing to instruct on the defense. We also find the error was prejudicial.

For guidance in the event of retrial, we also address two additional claims of instructional error raised by defendant. We conclude (1) no mistake of fact instruction was required, and (2) there was no error in the instruction defining marijuana.As requested by defendant, we have also reviewed the record of an in camera hearing conducted by the trial court in response to defendant’s discovery request, and find no abuse of discretion.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

After receiving an anonymous tip and conducting a preliminary investigation, on October 26, 2012, agents of the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and local deputy sheriffs executed a search warrant at the rural property where defendant lived in a trailer with his roommate David Jones. The authorities found numerous marijuana plants at the property, and thereafter charged defendant and Jones with possession of marijuana for sale and cultivation of marijuana. At trial, defendant raised a medical marijuana defense under the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (Health & Saf. Code, § 11362.5),¹ claiming he was growing marijuana solely for medical purposes. Based on evidence that he and Jones were growing marijuana together and to support a claim that he did not possess marijuana in excess of his and Jones‘s medical needs, defendant requested the jury be instructed on the collective cultivation defense set forth in section 11362.775, which allows qualified patients to associate to collectively cultivate marijuana for medical purposes. The trial court refused to instruct on this defense based on its view that some level of formality was required to establish the existence of a marijuana growing collective or cooperative. After hearing the evidence, the jury rejected the charge of possession for sale, but found defendant guilty of marijuana cultivation and marijuana possession.

The prosecution witnesses included defendant’s roommate Jones (who apparently pled guilty before trial) and two law enforcement officials involved in the seizure of the marijuana (federal Agent David Lurty and Deputy Sheriff Matthew Stevens). Defendant testified on his own behalf and called two expert witnesses (patient advocate William Britt and naturopathic doctor Michelle Sexton) to support his claim that he possessed the marijuana solely for medical purposes.

In defendant’s bedroom, the authorities found six one-gallon-size plastic bags containing processed marijuana bud, a blue tub containing mostly marijuana leaves and shake, and nine marijuana stems (with buds) hanging to

[233 Cal.App.4th 262]

dry.² In Jones’s bedroom, they found a marijuana stem hanging to dry and a small plastic container with some marijuana in it. Outside, the authorities found 11 marijuana plants, including plants that were over six feet tall and that had bud on them. There were indicia of marijuana use in the kitchen and living room areas (i.e., small amounts of marijuana, a couple of marijuana pipes, rolling papers, a bong, a vaporizer, and a small digital scale with marijuana residue on it). The authorities also found two firearms at the residence (an unloaded rifle in the kitchen and a shotgun loaded with two shells in defendant’s bedroom), and $2,791 cash in defendant’s bedroom. They did not find any pay and owe sheets or “dime bags” that could have been used to sell smaller quantities of marijuana.Jones was called as a witness by the prosecution to describe the marijuana cultivation activities occurring on the property. Jones’s testimony was in large part consistent with the activities described by defendant during the defense case. Jones and defendant explained that defendant’s father owned the land and rented it to a man named Christian, and Christian in turn rented it to defendant and Jones. Christian was growing about 65 to 70 marijuana plants in an outdoor greenhouse made of PVC pipe, and when the authorities arrived on October 26 all but one of these plants had been harvested or had died. Christian did not live on the property, and Jones and defendant did not participate in Christian’s cultivation of his plants.

In March 2012, Jones and defendant started growing marijuana together at the property, with most of the plants placed in a wooden greenhouse they had constructed. Jones (age 24) and defendant (age 23) were both employed, and they both had medical marijuana recommendations from doctors. Jones testified he got his marijuana recommendation in January 2012, and he used marijuana for insomnia and to alleviate pain from an injury that shattered his nose. Defendant testified he obtained his marijuana recommendation starting in 2010, and used marijuana for chronic pain and pain-induced insomnia that arose from accidents in which he broke his pelvis and was shot in the thigh area. Defendant provided a copy of his written marijuana recommendation and also presented testimony from Dr. Sexton, who elaborated on the nature of defendant’s injuries, the debilitating nature of the bone pain defendant suffered due to the bullet fragments that remained lodged in his thigh, and his use of marijuana to help him function during the day and sleep at night.

Regarding the amounts of marijuana each used, Jones stated he used about two grams per day and defendant said he used about five to eight grams per

day. Defendant explained he used marijuana after work and during the night when he could not sleep, and his preferred method of use was a vaporizer since it was not as hard on the lungs as smoking. Jones and defendant testified that defendant used the scale found at the residence to measure his daily portions. Defendant stated the doctors who gave him the marijuana recommendations did not tell him how much he should use, but said he would find an appropriate dosage after consuming for a while.Jones and defendant testified they grew a total of about 15 to 20 plants; defendant did most of the work; and Jones helped by watering the plants and adding nutrients. According to Jones, he was to receive about 10 percent of the marijuana. Defendant estimated that Jones would receive about two to three plants’ worth of marijuana. About one month before the authorities arrived, Jones and defendant harvested about three or four plants, dried them, and extracted the marijuana bud and the marijuana leaves that were found in defendant’s bedroom. They kept most of the harvested marijuana in defendant’s room because it was mainly his marijuana, although Jones was allowed to go into defendant’s room and use some of it if he wanted to do so.

About one week before the search, Jones and defendant harvested about five more plants, chopped them in half, and hung them to dry in defendant’s and Jones’s rooms. Of the 11 plants still growing outdoors when the police arrived, seven were available for the joint cultivation activity. Of the 11 plants, one was brown and unhealthy or dead; one was in Christian’s greenhouse and belonged to Christian; and two smaller plants (located in a structure separate from defendant and Jones’s wooden greenhouse) were Jones’s personal plants.³

Regarding the amount of marijuana they expected to harvest from the plants, Jones testified he and defendant planned to grow the “legal amount.” Jones stated he knew very little about growing marijuana; he did not know how big the plants would get or how much marijuana there might be in excess of their medical needs; and he did not know how many plants he would receive based on his 10 percent share of the harvest. Defendant testified he wanted to try growing marijuana because it had gotten too expensive to buy it from dispensaries; he took some horticulture classes to learn how to grow plants and read a brochure about marijuana growing; and

Defendant explained he got the shotgun and rifle from his father; he used them for target shooting and for protection or the appearance of protection from illegal immigrants who broke into houses; and the $2,791 cash in his room was from the sale of a backhoe that his father had given him. Apart from the discussion about possibly selling to a collective, defendant testified he never sold marijuana to anyone and never planned to do so. Jones testified he never saw defendant sell marijuana to their friends and never saw any strangers coming in and out of the residence. To refute Jones’s claim on this point, DEA Agent Lurty testified that when he interviewed Jones, Jones told him that defendant had sold marijuana to Jones’s friends.

Expert Opinions

The prosecution’s evidence concerning the specific amounts of marijuana found in defendant’s bedroom showed there was 1.26 pounds of processed marijuana in the Ziploc bags, 12.1 pounds of drying stems, and 2.6 pounds of mostly leaves and shake in the tub. Based on these amounts, as well as a consideration of the plants growing outside and other factors, the prosecution and defense experts presented their views relevant to the amount of usable product, the purpose of defendant’s possession, and amounts reasonably associated with medical use.

Prosecution expert Deputy Stevens opined that a person who had 572 grams of processed marijuana in six separate bags, nine drying stems containing bud, 10 growing plants with bud, a weighing scale, and $2,791 in cash would possess these items for sale. He stated this was “a lot of marijuana”; the packaging was indicative of sales; and a person who is using but not selling does not need a scale. He testified a typical joint contains about one-half gram of marijuana, and the effects last about four hours depending on the potency. He stated an outdoor plant can yield about one to five pounds of bud, and acknowledged that the amount of marijuana usually

Britt testified that because of the growing seasons most people can only harvest marijuana once per year, and it would be reasonable for a patient to cultivate enough to last for one or two years. When viewing photos of defendant’s outdoor plants, Britt stated the plants appeared to have been cultivated by a novice grower because they had grown to an unwieldy height; they had not been trimmed to maximize the yield and quality; and the supports for the plants were improperly placed. He said it is very difficult for a novice grower to know what the yield from the plants will be because he or she will not know, for example, how big the plant will grow or whether it will be attacked by pests.

Defense expert Dr. Sexton testified that marijuana is a “pretty stable compound” under ideal storage conditions, although it does degrade over time to some extent; for example, a plant might degrade from 10 percent to 8 percent THC content after the passage of a year. She testified a joint typically contains about one gram of marijuana, and the effects last about three to four hours. She stated doctors do not typically recommend a specific dosage of marijuana because there is a high level of variability in patient tolerance levels and plant potency, and patients are normally told to use the amount that gives them pain relief. Although recognizing this was an “inexact science,” Dr. Sexton estimated defendant could reasonably use about eight grams a day of marijuana to control his chronic pain. For example, he could use about one gram every three hours, including during the night, or he could use a higher dosage during the night when pain tends to worsen, and a lower dosage during the day.

Closing Arguments and Absence of Instruction on Collective Cultivation Defense

In closing arguments to the jury, the prosecutor argued that the amount of marijuana possessed by defendant was so excessive that it could not have been solely for his medical use; for example, the processed marijuana in his bedroom alone equated with 1,000 (half-gram size) joints. In contrast, relying on the evidence presented by the defense experts, defense counsel argued defendant possessed a total of about 7.7 or 8.7 pounds of marijuana, which was less than the 12.8 pounds that would be required to last for two years at a usage rate of about eight grams per day. As we shall detail below, relevant to the collective cultivation defense, in closing arguments counsel addressed the question of whether Jones’s need for medical marijuana could be considered, but no instructions were provided on the collective cultivation defense and the trial court limited defense counsel’s ability to fully develop an evidentiary basis to support it.

Jury Verdict and Sentence

Defendant was charged with cultivation of marijuana (count 1; § 11358) and possession of marijuana for sale (count 2; § 11359), with an enhancement allegation that he was armed with a firearm for each count (Pen. Code, § 12022, subd. (a)(1)). For count 1, the jury found him guilty of marijuana cultivation, and found the alleged firearm enhancement true. For count 2, it acquitted him of possession for sale, and found him guilty of the lesser offense of possession of more than 28.5 grams (§ 11357, subd. (c)). The court suspended imposition of sentence and placed defendant on three years of formal probation.

DISCUSSION

I. Law Governing Medical Marijuana

(1) In 1996, California voters approved a proposition enacting the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (CUA) which is designed to “ensure that seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes….” (§ 11362.5, subd. (b)(1)(A).) The CUA provides that the criminal statutes proscribing marijuana possession and cultivation do not apply to patients who possess or cultivate marijuana for their personal

(2) The CUA includes a provision stating that one of its purposes is to “encourage the federal and state governments to implement a plan to provide for the safe and affordable distribution of marijuana to all patients in medical need of marijuana.” (§ 11362.5, subd. (b)(1)(C), italics added.) Responding to this directive, in 2003 the California Legislature enacted the Medical Marijuana Program (MMP) which added several new code sections to the Health and Safety Code. (Kelly, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1014; People v. Urziceanu (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 747, 782-783 [33 Cal.Rptr.3d 859].) One of the purposes of the MMP is to “`[e]nhance the access of patients and caregivers to medical marijuana through collective, cooperative cultivation projects.'” (People v. Colvin (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1029, 1035 [137 Cal.Rptr.3d 856].) To effectuate this goal, the MMP includes a provision concerning collective cultivation, stating that “[q]ualified patients … who associate … in order collectively or cooperatively to cultivate marijuana for medical purposes” are exempt from criminal culpability. (§ 11362.775, italics added; see People v. Urziceanu, supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 785.)⁵ A qualified patient who may participate in this collective cultivation is defined as “a person who is entitled to the protections of Section 11362.5 ….”; i.e., patients who cultivate for medical purposes upon the written or oral recommendation or approval of a physician. (§ 11362.7, subd. (f).)

Although section 11362.775 clearly provides for collective cultivation, it does not specify what the Legislature meant by an association of persons who

To date, the legal standards governing the collective cultivation provision, including the references to the business formality criteria, have been developed primarily in cases involving expansive marijuana distribution operations

Concerning the amount of evidence needed to require instruction on the collective cultivation defense, we emphasized in Jackson that the defendant only has a “minimal burden” in this regard. (People v. Jackson, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at pp. 533, 538-539.) That is, the defendant need only raise a reasonable doubt about the existence of the defense, and once this burden is met, the court must provide the instruction and inform the jury that the prosecution has the burden to disprove the defense beyond a reasonable doubt. (Ibid.; see People v. Mower (2002) 28 Cal.4th 457, 479-481 [122 Cal.Rptr.2d 326, 49 P.3d 1067]; People v. Mentch (2008) 45 Cal.4th 274, 292-294 [85 Cal.Rptr.3d 480, 195 P.3d 1061] (conc. opn. of Chin, J.); People v. Saavedra (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 561, 570-571 [67 Cal.Rptr.3d 403].)

II. Refusal to Instruct on Collective Cultivation Defense

Defendant argues the trial court erred in refusing his request that the jury be instructed on the collective cultivation defense set forth in section 11362.775. Under the particular circumstances of this case, we agree.

(4) Upon request by the defendant, a trial court is required to instruct on a defense that is supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Petznick (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 663, 677 [7 Cal.Rptr.3d 726].) When deciding whether the evidence is sufficient to warrant a jury instruction, the trial court does not determine the credibility of the evidence, but only whether there is evidence

When declining defendant’s request for an instruction on the collective cultivation defense, the trial court applied the business formality criteria typically used to evaluate the legitimacy of a broad scale marijuana distribution enterprise, and the court assumed the absence of this formality foreclosed the defense in a case involving an informal cultivation arrangement between two qualified patients.

On appeal, the Attorney General asserts that the specific instruction proffered by defense counsel was not supported by the evidence because it identified factors relevant to medical marijuana dispensaries, not to the alleged two-person collective claimed by the defense in this case.⁷ However,

Further, permitting application of the defense to informal collective cultivation activity is consistent with the overall statutory goal of ensuring that qualified persons have access to marijuana for medical use. Considering the broad language used in the collective cultivation provision in conjunction with the legislative goal of providing access, the statutory scheme encompasses legitimate medical marijuana collective cultivation activities between two qualified patients who grow only for themselves. (See People v. Colvin, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 1041 [evaluating application of § 11362.775 to large marijuana distribution operation, but recognizing that Legislature may have “envisioned small community or neighborhood marijuana gardens”].)

(6) Accordingly, we conclude that when there is substantial evidence to support that two qualified patients are engaging in an informal cultivation

Substantial Evidence Supporting the Instruction

(7) Because the informal nature of the cultivation arrangement in this case did not foreclose application of the collective cultivation defense, the court was required to instruct on the defense if there was substantial evidence to support it. The record shows the required substantial evidence. There was no dispute that defendant and Jones were growing marijuana together. Also, there was evidence that Jones, like defendant, was a qualified patient. Jones testified he had a marijuana recommendation from a doctor and that he used marijuana for pain and insomnia. The CUA permits assertion of the compassionate use defense upon a written or oral doctor’s recommendation, and Jones’s testimony that he had this recommendation was sufficient to warrant submitting the issue of his qualified patient status to the jury for its determination. (§ 11362.5, subd. (d); see People v. Jones (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 341, 350-351 [4 Cal.Rptr.3d 916] [based on defendant’s testimony that he had doctor’s oral approval to use marijuana, trial court was required to allow presentation of compassionate use defense to jury].) Finally, there was testimony from Jones, defendant, and the defense experts that supported the view that the amount of marijuana possessed by defendant was reasonably related to defendant’s and Jones’s combined medical needs.

Prejudice

The failure to instruct on the collective cultivation defense requires reversal regardless whether we apply the reasonable probability of a different outcome standard for state law error or the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard for federal constitutional error. (People v. Salas, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 984 [prejudice test for failure to instruct on defense not yet determined]; People v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 871-872 [48 Cal.Rptr.3d 1, 141 P.3d 135] [harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard applies when error deprives defendant of right to present complete defense]; People v. Demetrulias (2006) 39 Cal.4th 1, 23 [45 Cal.Rptr.3d 407, 137 P.3d 229].)

The key disputed issue at trial was whether the amount of marijuana grown and possessed by defendant exceeded a legitimate medical purpose. The jury was instructed that under the compassionate use defense, the “amount of marijuana possessed or cultivated must be reasonably related to the patient’s current medical needs.” (Italics added; see CALCRIM Nos. 2370, 2352,

Also, although there were some references in the record to the existence of the collective cultivation defense, in several instances the trial court precluded defense counsel from fully developing the evidentiary basis for the defense. That is, defense counsel elicited brief testimony from defense expert Britt about the collective cultivation defense, and in closing arguments defense counsel urged the jury to consider both defendant’s and Jones’s medical needs, whereas the prosecutor told the jury that defendant could only grow marijuana for himself because there was not enough evidence to establish that Jones was a qualified patient. However, the trial court sustained relevancy and/or hearsay objections when defense counsel sought to elicit testimony from Britt about a small collective, from Dr. Sexton about her knowledge of Jones’s medical needs, and from defendant about his knowledge of Jones’s marijuana recommendation.

At best, the jurors may have gleaned from these references that collective cultivation can be raised as a defense, but they could have been easily misled to think the defense did not properly apply to this case because the defense was not mentioned in the instructions and they heard the court curtailing defense counsel’s attempts to elicit additional testimony relevant to the defense. Without guidance from the court on this area of the law, the jury might have thought (as did the court) that the defense was legally inapplicable to defendant and Jones because they were not a formally organized collective or cooperative. Also, because no affirmative instruction on the defense was provided, the jury may not have recognized that the prosecution had the burden to disprove that defendant was engaged in collective marijuana cultivation with Jones for medical purposes.

Finally, the record does not show that defendant necessarily possessed an amount of marijuana that was so beyond reasonable medical usage for two

Because the primary dispute in this case was whether defendant’s possession and cultivation exceeded a legitimate medical purpose, and because there is a reasonable probability the jury’s assessment of this issue would have been different if the jury had been instructed that the law permits collective cultivation among qualified patients, the failure to instruct on the collective cultivation defense requires reversal.

III. Guidance in the Event of Retrial

To assist the court and parties if the case is retried, we address defendant’s two additional claims of instructional error: (1) the jury should have been instructed on mistake of fact, and (2) the jury was incorrectly instructed on the definition of marijuana. We need not address defendant’s claim that the court improperly excluded an item of expert testimony proffered from defense witness Britt since this is a matter for resolution should it arise again in any retrial.

A. Failure to Instruct on Mistake of Fact

Defendant argues the trial court erred by failing to sua sponte provide, or his counsel was ineffective for failing to request, an instruction on the mistake of fact defense. In support, defendant contends there was evidence

(9) If the defendant had an honest and reasonable belief in the existence of circumstances, which, if true, would make the act an innocent act, the mistake of fact defense applies. (People v. Lucero (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 1011, 1016-1017 [250 Cal.Rptr. 354].) A mistake of fact occurs when a person understands the facts to be other than what they are. (People v. LaMarr (1942) 20 Cal.2d 705, 710 [128 P.2d 345].) “A mistake of fact exists `when one makes an erroneous perception of the facts as they actually exist…. The defense arises only where the defendant misperceives an objective state of existing fact….'” (State v. Beltran (1998) 246 Conn. 268 [717 A.2d 168, 172].)

Assuming that in some circumstances a court may have a sua sponte duty to instruct on mistake of fact, on this record we find no error, nor do we find ineffective assistance of counsel.⁸ In defendant’s trial, factors such as the potential yield from the plants and the amount medically needed by defendant were not presented as actual facts that defendant could have misperceived to potentially relieve him of culpability; rather, they were presented as opinions and matters that could vary depending on the circumstances. For example, a defense witness indicated it was difficult for novice growers to determine the yield of their plants and opined that defendant’s seven outdoor plants could have yielded a total of about three and one-half pounds of marijuana, whereas a prosecution witness opined the typical yield from an outdoor plant can be between one and five pounds. Further, defendant explained how his doctors did not provide a dosage amount to guide him, and a defense expert presented her views on the variability of dosages among patients and the amount defendant could reasonably use on a daily basis.

On this record, showing a multiplicity of views and opinions concerning yield expectations and reasonable usage amounts, a defense claim that

B. Instruction on Definition of Marijuana

Defendant asserts the court erred in declining his request that the jury be instructed on a particular definition of marijuana set forth in the MMP portion of the Health and Safety Code (§ 11362.77, subdivision (d)), rather than the definition of marijuana set forth in the general definitions section of the Health and Safety Code provisions governing controlled substances (§ 11018).

The jury was given the standard CALCRIM instructions that delineate the offenses of unlawful marijuana possession and cultivation as well as the compassionate use defense, and include a definition of marijuana derived from the general definitions section of the Health and Safety Code. (See CALCRIM Nos. 2370, 2352, 2375; §§ 11000, 11018.) This definition generally states that marijuana can include all parts of the plant, with some exceptions such as the stalks and certain types of seed derivatives.⁹ In contrast, section 11362.77, subdivision (d), part of the MMP, contains a narrower definition of marijuana, confining it to the “dried mature processed flowers” of the plant. (Italics added.) As we shall explain, the trial court correctly ruled the narrower MMP definition was not applicable to this case.

Here, because defendant was raising the CUA as a defense and not seeking protection under the MMP’s safe harbor provisions, section 11362.77’s eight-ounce restriction was inapplicable. Consistent with this, the jury was instructed that under the CUA “[t]he amount of marijuana possessed or cultivated must be reasonably related to the patient’s current medical needs.” (CALCRIM No. 2370.) The jurors were also given a special instruction explicitly advising them that the eight-ounce limitation did not apply.

(10) By its plain terms, section 11362.77’s narrower marijuana definition applies only “when determining allowable quantities of marijuana under this

Because defendant’s CUA defense was not governed by section 11362.77’s eight-ounce limitation, the trial court properly declined to instruct the jury on the definition of marijuana set forth in that section.

IV. Review of In Camera Hearing on Defendant’s Discovery Request^*

DISPOSITION

The judgment is reversed.

O’Rourke, J., and Aaron, J., concurred.